Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects individuals with ovaries, particularly those of reproductive age. PCOS is characterised by a range of symptoms and hormonal imbalances. While the exact cause is unknown, it often involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Key Features of PCOS:
Irregular Menstrual Cycles:
- PCOS often leads to irregular periods or the absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea).
Ovulatory Dysfunction:
- Anovulation, or irregular ovulation, is common in individuals with PCOS, impacting fertility.
Polycystic Ovaries:
- The ovaries may develop small cysts, which are follicles that have not matured properly.
Hyperandrogenism:
- Elevated levels of male hormones (androgens) can lead to symptoms such as acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), and male-pattern baldness.
Insulin Resistance:
- Many individuals with PCOS have insulin resistance, which can contribute to metabolic abnormalities and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Weight Gain:
- Weight gain and difficulty losing weight are common in individuals with PCOS.
Skin Changes:
- Darkening of the skin, particularly in areas prone to friction, is known as acanthosis nigricans and can occur in PCOS.
Diagnosis:
- Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests, including hormone levels and ultrasound imaging of the ovaries.
Treatment and Management:
Lifestyle Modifications:
- Weight management through a balanced diet and regular exercise can help improve symptoms and regulate menstrual cycles.
Medications:
- Birth control pills or other hormonal contraceptives can regulate menstrual cycles and control androgen levels.
- Anti-androgen medications can address symptoms such as acne and hirsutism.
Fertility Treatment:
- For individuals trying to conceive, fertility medications may be prescribed to induce ovulation.
Management of Metabolic Issues:
- Addressing insulin resistance through medications like metformin may be recommended.
Skin Care:
- Dermatological treatments can manage acne and excessive hair growth.
Complications and Risks:
Infertility:
- Irregular ovulation can make it challenging for individuals with PCOS to conceive.
Metabolic Syndrome
- PCOS is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular issues.
Endometrial Cancer:
- Irregular or absent menstrual cycles can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
Psychological Effects:
- PCOS can have psychological effects due to the impact on body image and the challenges associated with fertility.
Support and Lifestyle:
Support groups, counselling, and lifestyle changes are crucial for managing PCOS effectively. Regular monitoring by healthcare professionals is essential to address symptoms and minimise long-term risks. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals with PCOS.
