Diabetes is a chronic health condition that occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin or effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus :
Cause: Typically an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Onset: Often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.
Treatment: Requires daily insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump.
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus :
Cause: Results from insulin resistance, where the body’s cells don’t respond effectively to insulin. Genetics, lifestyle, and obesity are common contributing factors.
Onset: Typically develops in adulthood but increasingly seen in children and adolescents.
Treatment: Managed through lifestyle modifications, oral medications, injectable medications, and in some cases, insulin therapy.
Gestational Diabetes:
- Cause: Occurs during pregnancy when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the increased needs, leading to high blood sugar levels.
- Onset: Develops during pregnancy.
- Risk Factors: Overweight, family history of diabetes, age over 25, and certain ethnic backgrounds.
- Treatment: Managed through diet, exercise, and sometimes insulin therapy.
Common Symptoms of Diabetes:
- Frequent urination
- Excessive thirst
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Slow healing of wounds or sores
- Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
Complications of Diabetes:
- Cardiovascular Issues: Increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Kidney Disease: Can lead to kidney failure.
- Eye Problems: Increases the risk of retinopathy and vision loss.
- Nerve Damage: Peripheral neuropathy, leading to pain or loss of sensation.
- Foot Complications: Can lead to infections and, in severe cases, amputation.
Prevention and Management:
- Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet, engage in regular physical activity, and manage weight.
- Regular Monitoring: Regularly monitor blood sugar levels and follow the prescribed treatment plan.
- Medication: Take medications as prescribed by healthcare professionals.
- Insulin Therapy: For individuals with Type 1 diabetes or those with Type 2 diabetes who require insulin.
- Regular Check-ups: Regular medical check-ups and screenings for complications.
Managing diabetes involves a holistic approach that includes medical care, lifestyle adjustments, and ongoing monitoring. Early detection and intervention are crucial for effective management and prevention of complications. Individuals with diabetes should work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a personalised treatment plan.
